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URL

Latest update on Thursday 16 October 2008 à 09:43 by Jean-François Pillou.

What is a URL?

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a universal naming format used to indicate a resource on the Internet. It is a printable ASCII character string which breaks down into five parts:

  • The name of the protocol: i.e. in a way the language used to communicate over the network. The most widely used protocol is the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol), the protocol which makes it possible to change Web pages into HTML format. However, many other protocols can be used (FTP, News, Mailto, Gopher, ...).
  • Login and password: enables the access parameters for a secure server to be specified. This option is unadvisable because the password is visible in the URL
  • The name of the server: This is a domain name for the computer hosting the requested resource. It is worth noting that it is possible to use the server's IP address which conversely makes the URL less readable.
  • The number of the port: this is a number related to a service allowing the server to know what type of resource is requested. The default port related to the protocol is port 80. So, when the Web service of the server is associated to port number 80, the port number is optional
  • The access path to the resource: This last part allows the server to know where the resource is located, i.e. generally the site (directory) and the name of the file requested.

A URL therefore has the following structure:

Protocol Password (optional) Server name Port
(optional if 80)		 Path
http:// user:password@ www.commentcamarche.net. :80 /glossair/glossair.php3

For example, the following protocols may be used through URL:

  • http, for looking at web pages
  • ftp, for looking at FTP sites
  • telnet, to connect to a remote terminal
  • mailto, for sending an email
  • wais
  • gopher

The name of the file in the URL can be followed by a question mark then data in the ASCII format, this is additional data sent as parameters for an application on the server (a CGI script for example). The URL will then resemble a character string like this: 

http://en.kioskea.net/forum/?cat=1&page=2

Encoding a URL

Considering that the URL is a medium for sending information over the Internet (to send data with a CGI script for example), it must be able to send special characters, yet URLs cannot contain special characters. In addition, certain characters are reserved because they have a meaning (the slash enables sub-directories to be specified, the characters & and ? are used to send data via forms..). Finally, URLs can be included in an HTML document, which makes it difficult to insert characters such as < or > in the URL.

That is why encoding is necessary! Encoding consists of replacing special characters with the character % (itself also becoming a special character) followed by the ASCII code of the character to be encoded in hexadecimal notation.

Here is the list of characters which require particular encoding:

Character URL encoding
Tabulation %09
Space %20
" %22
# %23
% %25
& %26
( %28
) %29
+ %2B
, %2C
. %2E
/ %2F
: %3A
; %3B
< %3C
= %3D
> %3E
? %3F
@ %40
[ %5B
\ %5C
] %5D
^ %5E
' %60
{ %7B
| %7C
} %7D
~ %7E

More information

The format of URLs is defined by RFC 1738:

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CCM is a leading international tech website. Our content is written in collaboration with IT experts, under the direction of Jean-François Pillou, founder of CCM.net. CCM reaches more than 50 million unique visitors per month and is available in 11 languages.
This document, titled « URL », is available under the Creative Commons license. Any copy, reuse, or modification of the content should be sufficiently credited to CCM (ccm.net).

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