This article will introduce the concept of playing a file line by line in Linux with the help of examples and best user tips. We'll walk you through some of the most common errors made when reading a file on the Linux platform, and show you examples of how the for loop and while loop outputs differ.
We'll also provide you with some tips and examples on how to initiate a loop, and how to use the while loop output.
How To Read a File Line by Line
Common Errors with For Loops
One of the most common errors when using scripts bash on GNU/Linux is to read a file line by line by using a for loop (for line in $ (cat file.txt) do. ..). In this example, the for loop leads to an assessment for each line, rather than as assessment of every word in the file.
It is possible to change the value of the variable $ IFS (Internal Field Separator, internal field separator) with a for loop before starting the loop.
Here is a sample output with a for loop:
for line in $ (cat file.txt) do echo "$ line" done
This is row No 1 This is row No 2 This [...]
The solution is to use a while loop coupled with the internal read.
It is also possible to get the result with a for loop, provided you change the value of the variable $ IFS (Internal Field Separator, internal field separator) before starting the loop.
While Loop Example
The while loop remains the most appropriate and easiest way to read a file line by line.
Syntax
while read line do command done <file
For Loop Example
The starting file:
This is line 1
This is line 2 *This is line 3 *This is line 4 *This is line 5
The instructions in the command line:
while read line; do echo -e "$line\n"; done < file.txt
or in a "bash" script:
#! / bin / bash
while read line do echo-e "$ line \ n" done <file.txt
The output on the screen (stdout): This is line 1
This is line 2
This is line 3
This is line 4
This is line 5
Tips for For Loops
From a structured file (such as an address book or /etc/passwd), it is entirely possible to retrieve the values of each field and assign them to several variables with the command 'read'. Be careful to properly assign the IFS variable with good field separators (space by default).
Example:
#! /bin/bash
while IFS=: read user pass uid gid full home shell do echo -e "$full :\n\ Pseudo : $user\n\ UID :\t $uid\n\ GID :\t $gid\n\ Home :\t $home\n\ Shell :\t $shell\n\n" done < /etc/passwd
Bonus
while read i; do echo -e "Parameter : $i"; done < <(echo -e "a\nab\nc")
How To Initiate a Loop
Although the while loop remains the easiest method for reading a file line by line, it does have its side effects. The while loop will obliterate the formatting of lines, including spaces and tabs. Furthermore, the for loop coupled with a change of IFS helps keep the structure of the document output.
Syntax
old_IFS=$IFS # save the field separator IFS=$'\n' # new field separator, the end of line for line in $(cat fichier) do command done IFS=$old_IFS # restore default field separator
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